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Jacqueline Cochran - (1906-1980)
Jacqueline Cochran Odlum is a legend in aviation history. There are few, if any aviators who have accomplished so much or set and held as many aviation records. Yet, if you ask anyone to name a famous aviatrix, nine times out of ten he or she will name Amelia Earhart. Jackie who? They retort as one proceeds to describe an aviation legend. Major General Fred J. Ascani said of Jackie’s ability “There are cautious pilots who never want to know what the plane's maximum performance is and then there are pilots like Yeager & Cochran”.
Born around 1906 (Jackie Cochran did not know her exact date of birth) in Florida, Jackie grew up never knowing her natural parents. She spent her early years with a foster family in Florida, her bed was at best a pallet on the floor, and sometimes it was just the floor. Jackie was 8 years old before she had her first pair of shoes. Working in a textile mill when she was about 10 years old, she had the following encounter – “I didn’t see him coming, but a foreman was suddenly over me and pinching me in a way that no little girl should ever be pinched. My reaction was immediate and not surprising. My fist flew up and I hit him squarely on the nose. Hard. He jumped back and then rushed away, shocked. He never touched me again. What I don’t quite understand is why he didn’t fire me”.
Jackie never finished her schooling; in fact her formal education lasted only 2 years. She could not even write and in latter years would take the exam for her pilot’s licence orally.
Around 1921 Jackie started working in a beauty parlour in Montgomery, Alabama. Her earnings were by commission and in her own words “giving more Nestle permanent waves than Montgomery society could believe and earning more money than even the store manager could feel comfortable about.
In 1929 Jackie made the move to New York City and managed to gain employment with Antoine whose salon in Saks Fifth Avenue was always packed with customers. . In 1932 at a Miami hotel function, Jackie met a handsome young man by the name of Floyd Odlum. Instantly she knew “he’s the one” she would marry. At this time Floyd was still married, but the marriage was over before he met Jackie.
Floyd Odlum was one of the cleverest and most affluent individuals you could meet back in those days. His company, The Atlas Corporation had made him $14 million by 1929, which was a huge fortune to have particularly when at the time the majority of the United States had hardly any money at all. At one time or another, he obtained control of or was involved in the management of companies like the Greyhound Bus Company; RKO Pictures Corporation and Paramount Pictures; Hilton Hotels Corporation and Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation (Convair). At the time they met, Jackie had no idea Floyd was such a wealthy man.
Jackie Cochran had been thinking of learning to fly for months, the seed was sown by Floyd, who told her that “If you’re going to cover the territory you need to cover to make money in this kind of economic climate, you’ll need wings. Get your pilots licence!”
In the summer of 1932, during a six-week vacation, Jackie travelled to the Roosevelt Flying School at Long Island, New York to begin her flight instruction. Determined to gain her pilots licence as quickly as possible, Floyd bet her the $495 it cost for the course of lessons that she couldn’t gain her licence in six weeks time. Jackie said she’d do it in three, as she didn’t want to spend her entire vacation at Long Island.
Her instructor was called Husky Lewelleyn; after her introductory flight, she asked Husky how long it would take to gain her licence he replied that it would take her at least 20 flying hours & that take around 2 to 3 months, then she would need to sit a test. When Jackie told him how quickly she needed to learn, Husky laughed and said it would be tough, so kind of like throwing down the gauntlet in a challenge, Jackie threw down the $495 on the table and said “I don’t think so”. And sure enough, three weeks later Jackie Cochran had her wings.
She set the first of many record-breaking feats in 1934 when she flew and tested the first turbo-supercharger ever installed on an aircraft engine. She was the first person ever to flight test the Pratt and Whitney 1340 engine forerunner. When the first wet wing was ever installed in 1938, it was Jacqueline Cochran who flight-tested it.
Incidentally, she also made her mark in history as being the first person to fly above 20,000 feet with an oxygen mask. Her 1940 recommendation to lengthen the tail wheel installation on the P-43 was adopted on the P-47 aircraft. Cochran’s accomplishments weren’t limited to the United States. She left some ever-lasting impressions just about everywhere she flew in the world.
The 1935 Bendix Trans-continental Race included the first woman to participate – Jacqueline Cochran. She captured first place in the women’s division of the Bendix Trans-continental Race in 1937 and place third among all pilots. She also made the first totally blind instrument landing for women that same year. The Bendix Races proved that the third time was indeed lucky for Cochran as she won the 1938 Trans-continental Race overall that year. She also set a new women’s division record (10 hours, 7 minutes and 10 seconds.) The talented aviatrix won the General William E. Mitchell Memorial Award for making the greatest contribution to aviation in 1938.
Jacqueline Cochran Gallery - Slideshow below
I am indebted to Major General Fred J. Ascani, Mr Lewis and Sue Chow and the AFFTC History Office for the donation of many of these images.
In the year 1941, Cochran captured another aviation first when she became the first woman pilot to pilot a military bomber across the Atlantic Ocean. She was president of the Ninety-Nines – an organisation of women pilot’s founded by Amelia Earhart in 1929. Cochran was their president from 1941 to 1943. In 1943, she founded the WASPS (Women’s Air Force Service Pilots) program. More than 25,000 applied for training, 1830 were accepted and 1074 made it through a very tough program to graduation. These women flew approximately 60 million miles for the Army Air Force with only 38 fatalities, or about 1 for every 16,000 hours flown. Jackie Cochran was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal for services to her country during World War II.
Jacqueline Cochran joins the jet age
The war had ended, but her career certainly hadn’t. In fact, it was just taking off (no pun intended). With (then) Captain Chuck Yeager’s experience of breaking the sound barrier for the first time still fresh in many peoples minds, Jackie Cochran decided to follow suit. Knowing she would need the help and assistance of the newly formed United States Airforce (for which Jackie had campaigned for feverishly after the end of the war). She made use of her good contacts in the Air Force and was introduced to (then) Colonel Fred J. Ascani who would give Jackie her first ride in a military jet (Lockheed P-80). With the tutoring from men like Ascani and Yeager, Jackie soon became an accomplished jet pilot. At the time Ascani held the world closed course 100km-speed record of 635.686 mph, which he had set at the Detroit Air Races in August 17th, 1951.
Jacqueline Cochran sets record of 652.337 mph
Flying a Canadian built (Canadair) F-86 Sabre jet, which was powered by an Orenda turbojet in place of the GENERAL ELECTRIC J-47 turbojet generally, installed in the American-built F-86 aircraft, Jacqueline Cochran set a new speed record of 652.337 mph at Edwards Air Force Base, California on May 18th, 1953. One of the Canadair technical crew involved in the episode at Edwards AFB was engineer Lewis Chow. He recalls “Jacqueline Cochran was a lady of great influence, and smart to boot. How else could she have got her hands on a Sabre 3 and access to the most classified Air Force Base in the United States. But a lady she was, and she treated all of us from Canada splendidly. Chuck Yeager helped her a great deal on her record-breaking flights. He flew on her wing for all of those flights.
Not content with setting a new World Speed Record, Miss Cochran wanted to have the honor and distinction of being the first woman to fly faster than sound. Jackie took her Canadair F-86 up to over 45,000 feet and sped towards the earth in her assault on the sound barrier. On the first dive she failed to record a “sonic boom” that is usually evidence of piercing the wall – a compressibility effect of shockwaves that results in an earth-level explosive wound. There was no doubt that Jackie had gone through Mach 1.0 on that first dive, but when she was told that the tower had not heard or recorded the boom, she was a little deflated. An observer asked her if and when she would like another attempt on the sound barrier – Jackie’s answer – “Lets go right now!” On the second dive the blast was clearly heard, according to observers at the Air Force Flight test Center at Edwards AFB, who said she probably pierced the wall on her first dive with the air conditions preventing the shock waves from being heard. Jackie was on cloud nine.
The only complaint: the low-swooping Sabre on one of those record flights stampeded a couple hundred chickens on a nearby ranch. The chickens were herded into a corner and some were smothered to death. “Produce the dead chickens,” Jackie told the owner, “and I’ll pay for them.”
President Eisenhower presents Jacqueline Cochran with Harmon Trophy
At a ceremony at the Whitehouse in early 1954, President Dwight D. Eisenhower presented Jacqueline Cochran with the Harmon Trophy for the outstanding female pilot of 1953. Major Charles E. Yeager received the male pilot trophy for his record breaking flight in the Bell X-1A.
Northrop T-38
In 1961, Jacqueline Cochran set eight major speed records in a Northrop T-38, including speed over a 1000 kilometer closed course; 639.38 mph, distance in a straight line; 1492.39 miles, sustained altitude of 56,071.80 feet high, speed over a 15 kilometer course; 844.20256 mph, speed over a 500 kilometer closed course; 680.855 mph, speed over 1000 kilometer closed course; 649.3924 mph.
The flights were accomplished in a standard, production version of Northrop’s T-38 Talon without the use of external tanks or additional internal fuel tanks to increase the normal fuel capacity. In Jacqueline Cochran’s own words she called the T-38 Talon “the greatest step forward in the history of pilot training”. In fact, the USAF still uses the T-38 as its primary trainer some 40 years later! Because Jackie was a civilian, she was not permitted to fly government property, so her record-breaking flights were made in a company (Northrop) T-38, for which Jackie was a “paid” Test Pilot.
Jackie & F-104 Chalk Up Speed Record’s
On June 1, 1961, Jacqueline Cochran flying the Lockheed F-104G Starfighter, claimed her third jet speed record in less than a month when she flew the difficult Edwards 100 Kilometer circular course at 1,303.241 mph, bettering the existing women’s record of 1,266 mph held by the well-known French Aviatrix Jacqueline Auriol. Miss Cochran’s first record flight in series was made on May 11 over a 15-kilometer straightaway course in which she attained a speed of 1,429.297 mph. This speed was over 155 mph faster than her own previous record and the fastest speed ever attained by a woman pilot. The third record she claimed was the 500-kilometer record with a speed of 1,127.394 mph. Many male pilots had trouble with the F-104; folklore called it “The Widowmaker” due to the high rate of pilot fatalities.
Major General Fred J. Ascani recalls his experience with the F-104
“I flew that bird, the F-104 Starfighter. It’s scary and fast. Tony Levier (then Chief of Lockheed Test Pilot’s) has a tendency to play down the danger. But if you want to get an idea of how dangerous that plane is, you should dig into the German Air Force'’ accident records for the 104 and count the fatalities. They attribute them to pilot error, but it wasn’t the case. I think they lost something like eighty-five F-104’s in the first 1 ½ years of flying them. Eighty-five? That’s more than two killed a week during some weeks. They blamed it on the pilot, but the plane had a nasty tendency to pitch up under certain conditions and there wasn’t much you could do to save yourself under those conditions. There was not wing area there to recover. Tony, being the naturally great pilot he is, would pooh-pooh the dangers, but the F-104 was a tricky airplane to fly. I took it to Mach 2 and I guess that’s the fastest I’ve ever gone. You had to be extra careful in the slower speed ranges and getting it back onto the ground. It wasn’t, and still isn’t a very forgiving airplane. It will not forgive a pilot the slightest error and you get into fatally hot water so fast. Dangerous airplane". “But I think I gave Jackie the F-104 challenge at a banquet up at Edwards when we were celebrating her success at breaking the sound barrier. Pancho Barnes was invited. And Jackie Cochran was the guest of honor at the officer’s club. It could have been a disastrous combination because the two gals hated each other”.
“We were sitting at a U-shaped table, with Jackie on one end of the U and Pancho on the other. They glared daggers at each other the entire evening. Jackie didn’t like Pancho because she believed Pancho was the most uncouth woman alive. And she did have a mouth on her you couldn’t believe possible in a woman. Pancho didn’t like Jackie, perhaps because of Chuck. Chuck was friendly with both of them”.
“Anyway, as I sat there that night at dinner, I decided to make a little toast to Jackie Cochran. It rhymed. I can’t remember it word for word now, but the essence was: “Here’s to Jackie, who pierced Mach 1, and to the day Mach 2 is done.”
“Jackie Cochran was so delighted with what she had done that week that I felt a little guilty about planting such a notion for the future. But not too bad”.
A summing up
I have only briefly covered Jackie Cochran’s flying career here in this article. It is fair to say that she has not got the world-wide recognition she deserved. People remember Amelia Earhart primarily because she vanished during an attempt to fly the pacific. Jackie Cochran should be remembered for breaking down walls and barriers, she went after records not to be the fastest WOMAN but to be the fastest. Period. Aviators like Yeager and Cochran were not just the best of their generation, but head and shoulders above any pilot seen before or since.
Jackie had her own internationally successful Cosmetics Company, which she subsequently sold control of. Was a close friend of President Eisenhower (Ike used the Cochran-Odlum ranch as his base when he wrote his memoirs), President Lyndon B. Johnson (whose life she saved in 1948 before he was elected to the United States Senate), General Jimmy Doolittle, General H. H. “Hap” Arnold and test pilots of the calibre of Yeager, Ascani, Boyd, Ridley, Everest and Bud Anderson. The fact was, Jackie was much more confident in the company of such huge male ego's than she was with other women.
This page would not have been possible without the help and generosity of Dr. Raymond L. Puffer of the AFFTC History Office at Edwards AFB, Major General Fred J. Ascani and Mr. Lewis Chow and his daughter-in-law Sue. Sincere thanks to you all. If you have something you would like to share with me for the inclusion in this website, please contact me via the enquires section.
The article below are ex Mr Lewis Chow collection via Mrs Sue Chow
